Update date: Jul 08, 2026 | N/A Pages | Report ID: EP-ES-001385
South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Market
DMA IntelligenceSouth America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Market Growth Drivers & Forecast 2033
Segments: Battery (Lithium-ion, Lead-Acid, Nickel Metal Hydride Battery, Others), Battery Form (Prismatic, Pouch, Cylindrical), Vehicle (Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, Others), Propulsion (Battery Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle), By Region, And Segment Forecasts
$369.0M
Market Size, 2025
$461.6M
Market Estimate, 2026
$2213.5M
Market Forecast, 2033
25.1%
CAGR, 2026–2033
South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Market Size, Share & Key Insights
The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Market size was valued at USD 369.00 Million in 2025, and the market is projected to grow from USD 461.62 Million in 2026 to USD 2213.53 Million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 25.1% during the forecast period 2026–2033. North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa led the global market in 2025.
Study Overview
 Study Period | 2021 - 2033 |
 Base Year | 2025 |
 Estimated Year | 2026 |
 Forecast Period | 2026-2033 |
 Historical Range | 2021-2025 |
| Units | USD Million |
 Coverage | North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa | Regional breakdown included |
 Deliverables | PDF + Excel Data Pack |
Major Market Players
Key Insights
- The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market is projected to grow from USD 369.00 Million in 2025 to USD 2213.97 Million by 2033, exhibiting a robust CAGR of 25.10% over the forecast period, underscoring significant investment and expansion opportunities.
- In 2025, Brazil dominated the regional market with a 2025 market size of USD 147.60 Million, while the Rest of South America segment is anticipated to be the fastest-growing region, showcasing a CAGR of 27.0% through 2033.
- The Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) battery segment held the largest share in 2025, driven by its high energy density and performance, indicating a key technological focus for manufacturers and R&D efforts in the region.
Market Definiton and Strategic Context
The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Market refers to the industry involved in the research, development, production, and supply of various types of batteries specifically designed for electric vehicles (EVs) across the South American continent. This market encompasses the entire value chain, from raw material extraction and processing to battery cell and pack assembly, and finally, integration into electric vehicles. Driven by increasing environmental concerns, supportive government policies promoting EV adoption, and growing investments in charging infrastructure, the market is experiencing significant expansion. The market includes a diverse range of battery technologies, such as Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO), each catering to specific performance requirements and cost considerations. The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market size was valued at USD 369.00 Million in 2025, and it is poised for substantial growth, reflecting the region's commitment to sustainable transportation. The growth outlook for this sector is robust, with a projected industry expansion driven by the rising demand for passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and two/three-wheelers. The market forecast indicates a continuous upward trajectory, fueled by technological advancements in battery chemistry, increasing manufacturing capacities, and strategic collaborations among key players. Understanding the dynamics of this market is crucial for stakeholders aiming to capitalize on the emerging opportunities and navigate the evolving regulatory and competitive landscape.
| Report Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Market size value in 2025 | USD 369.00 Million |
| Revenue forecast in 2033 | USD 2,213.53 Million |
| Growth rate | CAGR of 25.1% from 2025 to 2033 |
| Actual data | 2021 - 2024 |
| Forecast period | 2025 - 2033 |
| Quantitative units | Revenue in USD Million and CAGR from 2025 to 2033 |
| Report coverage | Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends |
| Segments covered | Battery, Battery Form, Vehicle, Propulsion |
| Regional scope | Brazil; Argentina; Colombia; Rest of South America |
| Country scope | All; All; All; All |
| Key companies profiled | BYD Co. Ltd; SK innovation Co., Ltd.; EnerSys; LG Chem Ltd; Exide Industries; Panasonic Corporation |
| Customization scope | Free report customization (equivalent to 8 analysts working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope. |
| Pricing and purchase options | Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options |
Growth Catalysts & Market Constraints
The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market is at a pivotal juncture, characterized by dynamic shifts driven by both supportive factors and notable challenges. The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market size is expanding rapidly, influenced by a confluence of regional government incentives and increasing consumer awareness regarding environmental sustainability. The growth forecast remains strong, bolstered by significant investments in local manufacturing capabilities and the development of robust EV charging infrastructure across key South American nations. However, the industry expansion also faces hurdles, including the high initial cost of EVs, reliance on imported raw materials, and the need for advanced technological expertise. Understanding these market dynamics is crucial for stakeholders looking to strategically position themselves within this evolving landscape and capitalize on the promising opportunities while mitigating potential risks.
Growth Drivers
- Increasing government initiatives and policy support are significantly propelling the South America EV battery manufacturing market. Countries like Brazil and Argentina are introducing tax incentives, subsidies for EV purchases, and mandates for charging infrastructure development, which directly stimulates demand for electric vehicles and, consequently, their batteries, fostering local production capabilities and attracting foreign investment in the sector.
- The growing consumer demand for sustainable transportation options, coupled with rising fuel prices, is a major driver. As awareness about climate change and air pollution increases, more consumers are opting for EVs, leading to a surge in vehicle sales. This escalating demand creates a robust market for EV batteries, encouraging manufacturers to expand production and introduce advanced battery technologies tailored for the South American market.
Restraints
- High upfront costs associated with electric vehicles and their batteries pose a significant restraint on market growth in South America. Despite government incentives, the initial purchase price of EVs often remains higher than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, making them less accessible to a broader consumer base, especially in price-sensitive markets, thereby limiting battery demand.
- Dependence on imported raw materials, particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel, creates supply chain vulnerabilities and exposes manufacturers to volatile global commodity prices. This reliance can lead to increased production costs and delays, impacting the profitability and competitiveness of local battery manufacturing, thus hindering sustained growth and self-sufficiency.
Opportunities
- Strategic partnerships and collaborations between international battery manufacturers and local South American companies present a significant opportunity for technology transfer, capacity building, and market penetration. Such alliances can facilitate the establishment of advanced manufacturing facilities, localize supply chains, and enable the production of cost-effective, high-performance batteries tailored to regional needs, driving market growth.
- The development of robust recycling infrastructure for end-of-life EV batteries offers a dual opportunity. It addresses environmental concerns by reducing waste and provides a sustainable source of critical raw materials, decreasing reliance on imports. Investing in recycling technologies can create new revenue streams and enhance the circular economy within the South American EV battery manufacturing sector, improving long-term viability.
Challenges
- The lack of adequate charging infrastructure across South America remains a significant challenge, creating range anxiety among potential EV buyers and impeding widespread adoption. Insufficient public and private charging stations, especially in rural areas, directly impacts the usability and convenience of EVs, thereby slowing down the demand for batteries and affecting market expansion efforts.
- Technological gaps and the need for significant R&D investment present a challenge for local manufacturers to compete with global leaders. Developing advanced battery chemistries, improving energy density, and reducing manufacturing costs require substantial capital and expertise. Bridging this gap necessitates sustained investment in research and development, as well as fostering skilled labor, to ensure competitive product offerings.
Market Level Breakdown
The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market is comprehensively segmented by Battery Type, including Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), and Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO). Each battery chemistry offers distinct advantages in terms of energy density, power output, safety, and cost, catering to various EV applications. The NMC segment currently holds the largest share, reflecting its balanced performance characteristics suitable for a wide range of electric vehicles. This segmentation highlights the technological diversity and ongoing innovation within the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market, influencing market share and growth outlook as manufacturers optimize for performance and cost.
Further segmentation by Battery Form categorizes the market into Prismatic, Pouch, and Cylindrical cells. Prismatic cells, known for their space efficiency and thermal management advantages, command a significant portion of the market, particularly in larger battery packs for passenger cars. Pouch cells offer flexibility in design and are gaining traction due to their high energy density, while cylindrical cells remain popular for their robust structure and ease of manufacturing. This market taxonomy by form factor is critical for understanding manufacturing processes and integration challenges in the evolving EV landscape.
Segmentation by Vehicle Type includes Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, and Two/Three Wheelers. Passenger cars represent the largest application segment, driven by increasing consumer adoption and government incentives for personal EV ownership. The commercial vehicle segment, encompassing buses and trucks, is experiencing rapid growth due to fleet electrification initiatives and the demand for sustainable logistics. The two/three-wheelers segment, while smaller, is crucial in urban mobility solutions across South America. This breakdown illustrates the diverse end-use applications contributing to the overall South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing segmentation.
The market is also segmented by Propulsion Type: Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). BEVs, relying solely on electric power, are the dominant and fastest-growing segment, demanding large-capacity batteries. PHEVs and HEVs, which combine electric and internal combustion engines, also contribute to battery demand, albeit with smaller battery packs. This segmentation provides insights into the technological preferences and strategic investments in different EV powertrain architectures within the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market, shaping future industry trends.
South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Segmentation Breakdown
- Battery
- Lithium-ion
- Lead-Acid
- Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
- Others
- Battery Form
- Prismatic
- Pouch
- Cylindrical
- Vehicle
- Passenger Cars
- Commercial Vehicles
- Others
- Propulsion
- Battery Electric Vehicle
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle
- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Geographic Performance & Regional Trends
The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market is primarily concentrated within the Latin American region, with Brazil emerging as the largest market in 2025, holding a significant share due to its robust automotive industry and proactive government support for electric mobility. The 'Rest of South America' segment, which includes countries with nascent but rapidly developing EV ecosystems, is projected to be the fastest-growing market, driven by increasing foreign investments and diversification efforts. This regional growth is underpinned by a combination of factors including evolving regulatory frameworks, growing consumer awareness, and the strategic establishment of local manufacturing facilities aimed at reducing import dependency and bolstering regional supply chains within the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market.
Regional Growth Drivers
- North America: The region's growth is driven by substantial government incentives for EV adoption and charging infrastructure, coupled with strong consumer environmental consciousness. Significant investments by major automotive players in the United States and Canada into EV production and battery gigafactories are accelerating demand for advanced battery technologies, fostering innovation and market expansion.
- Europe: Stringent emission regulations and ambitious decarbonization targets set by the European Union are key drivers, pushing rapid EV adoption. Countries like Germany, the United Kingdom, and France are heavily investing in battery research and manufacturing capabilities, alongside expanding charging networks, creating a robust market for EV battery components and systems.
- Asia Pacific: This region is the global powerhouse for EV battery manufacturing and consumption, led by China, Japan, and South Korea. Massive government support, rapid technological advancements, and a large domestic market for EVs contribute to unparalleled growth. Strategic investments in raw material processing and battery cell production facilities further solidify its dominant position.
- Latin America: The market in Latin America is driven by increasing awareness of environmental benefits, coupled with nascent but growing government support for EV adoption in key countries like Brazil and Argentina. Modernization of public transport fleets and investments in local assembly plants are slowly but steadily building a foundation for regional battery manufacturing and consumption.
- Middle East & Africa: Growth in this region is spurred by government diversification strategies away from fossil fuels, coupled with nascent efforts to improve access to modern transportation. Countries like Saudi Arabia and South Africa are exploring investments in EV infrastructure and manufacturing, aiming to tap into the long-term potential of sustainable mobility, though from a relatively low base.
Looking ahead, while mature markets like Asia Pacific and Europe will continue to drive global innovation and scale, South America represents a critical emerging frontier for EV battery manufacturing. The region's abundant raw material resources and burgeoning automotive sector offer strategic implications for suppliers seeking to diversify their global footprint. Successful market penetration will depend on localized production, partnerships, and overcoming infrastructure challenges, indicating a long-term strategic play for manufacturers focused on sustainable growth.
Competitive Insights & Leading Companies
The competitive landscape of the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market is characterized by a moderately consolidated structure, with a mix of established global players and emerging regional manufacturers vying for market share. Key competitive levers include technological superiority, cost-efficiency in production, strategic partnerships for raw material sourcing, and localized distribution networks. Global battery giants such as BYD Co. Ltd., LG Chem Ltd., and Panasonic Corporation are leveraging their extensive R&D capabilities and economies of scale to offer high-performance battery solutions. These multinational corporations often establish local manufacturing or assembly units to cater specifically to the South American market, bypassing import tariffs and reducing lead times. Regional players, while smaller in scale, focus on niche applications, customized solutions, and strong local relationships, often specializing in specific battery chemistries or form factors. The market is also influenced by the intense competition among EV manufacturers, who demand advanced, reliable, and cost-effective battery packs, thereby pushing battery suppliers to continuously innovate. Regulatory approvals and certifications play a crucial role, as compliance with international and national safety and performance standards is paramount for market entry and sustained growth. As the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing competitive landscape evolves, strategic alliances and vertical integration are becoming increasingly important for securing supply chains and enhancing market position.
Companies in the South America EV battery manufacturing market are employing a range of strategies to differentiate themselves and gain a competitive edge. Mergers and acquisitions are common, allowing companies to consolidate market share, acquire new technologies, or expand their manufacturing footprint. Product launches focused on higher energy density, faster charging capabilities, and improved safety features are critical for attracting EV manufacturers. Many players are investing heavily in R&D to develop next-generation battery chemistries, such as solid-state batteries, which promise significant advancements. Localization of manufacturing, especially in countries like Brazil and Argentina, helps companies reduce logistics costs, comply with local content requirements, and better serve regional demand. Differentiation is often achieved through superior battery management systems (BMS), which optimize performance and extend battery life, or through robust after-sales service and recycling programs. However, companies face challenges such as margin pressure due to intense competition and the need for continuous investment in capital-intensive manufacturing facilities. Supply chain risks, particularly for critical minerals, also pose a significant hurdle, requiring companies to forge long-term agreements with raw material suppliers or invest in mining operations. The emphasis on sustainable and ethical sourcing of materials is also becoming a key differentiator, influencing brand reputation and consumer trust in the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market.
South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Key Companies
- BYD Co. Ltd.
- SK innovation Co., Ltd.
- EnerSys
- LG Chem Ltd.
- Exide Industries
- Panasonic Corporation
- CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited)
- Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
- Tianneng Battery Group Co., Ltd.
- Varta AG
South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing Market Ecosystem
Ecosystem Participants
- Raw Material Suppliers — provide essential minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and graphite, which are critical for battery cell production. These suppliers often operate globally, with significant mining and processing activities concentrated in specific regions, making secure and ethical sourcing a key concern for the entire value chain.
- Their role involves ensuring a stable and high-quality supply of these scarce resources to battery manufacturers, impacting both cost and environmental footprint. Fluctuations in commodity prices directly affect the profitability of battery production, highlighting the importance of long-term supply agreements and vertical integration strategies.
- Battery Cell Manufacturers — specialize in the production of individual battery cells based on various chemistries like NMC, LFP, and LCO. These companies are at the forefront of technological innovation, constantly striving to improve energy density, charging speed, safety, and lifespan of the cells, forming the core of the EV battery manufacturing process.
- Their expertise in advanced materials science and precision engineering is vital for producing cells that meet the rigorous performance and safety standards required for electric vehicles. Strategic investments in giga-factories and R&D are crucial for these players to maintain a competitive edge and expand production capacity to meet growing EV demand.
- Battery Pack Assemblers — take individual battery cells and integrate them into complete battery packs, which include battery management systems (BMS), thermal management systems, and safety enclosures. These assemblers ensure the optimal performance, safety, and longevity of the entire battery system.
- Their role involves complex engineering to manage cell balancing, temperature control, and communication with the vehicle's powertrain. Effective pack design and assembly are critical for maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring the reliability of the EV, often requiring close collaboration with automotive OEMs.
- Electric Vehicle Manufacturers (OEMs) — integrate the complete battery packs into their electric vehicles, ranging from passenger cars to commercial vehicles and two/three-wheelers. They are the primary customers for battery manufacturers and play a crucial role in driving battery technology requirements and market demand.
- OEMs influence battery design through specific vehicle performance targets, range requirements, and cost considerations. Their purchasing decisions and strategic partnerships with battery suppliers significantly shape the market, often leading to co-development efforts for customized battery solutions.
- Charging Infrastructure Providers — develop and operate the network of public and private charging stations necessary for powering electric vehicles. Their expansion and reliability are vital for alleviating range anxiety and accelerating EV adoption, thereby indirectly supporting the battery manufacturing market.
- The availability and accessibility of charging points directly impact consumer willingness to purchase EVs. Investments in fast-charging technologies and widespread network coverage are essential to complement the growth in EV battery production and ensure the seamless operation of electric vehicles.
- Recycling and Second-Life Application Providers — focus on the sustainable management of end-of-life EV batteries. This includes processes for extracting valuable materials for reuse in new batteries and repurposing batteries for stationary energy storage applications, contributing to a circular economy.
- Their activities reduce environmental impact, mitigate raw material supply risks, and create new economic opportunities. Developing efficient and scalable recycling technologies is crucial for the long-term sustainability of the EV battery ecosystem and reducing the overall carbon footprint of electric mobility.
Report Coverage & Key Deliverables
The report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing, combining quantitative data with qualitative insights. This study provides an in-depth examination of market trends, drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges shaping the industry across key South American countries. It offers a detailed market forecast, enabling stakeholders to anticipate future growth trajectories and make informed strategic decisions. The report's scope encompasses a thorough competitive landscape analysis, profiling key players, their strategies, and market positioning. Furthermore, it delves into precise market segmentation, offering granular insights into various battery types, forms, vehicle applications, and propulsion technologies. This holistic approach ensures that business users, investors, and industry participants gain a clear understanding of the market's current state and its potential for expansion, facilitating effective planning and investment strategies in the dynamic South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing sector.
Report Coverage
- Market Size Estimates (historical and forecast)
- This section provides precise revenue figures and volume data for the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market from 2021 to 2025 (historical) and projects values through 2033 (forecast). Our methodology integrates primary and secondary research, including company annual reports, investor presentations, industry journals, and expert interviews, to ensure accuracy and reliability in market sizing and projections.
- Detailed Segmentation And Revenue Analysis
- The report offers an exhaustive breakdown of the market across various segments: Battery Type (Lithium Cobalt Oxide, Lithium Iron Phosphate, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt, Lithium Titanate Oxide), Battery Form (Prismatic, Pouch, Cylindrical), Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, Two/Three Wheelers), and Propulsion Type (Battery Electric Vehicle, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle). Each segment's revenue contribution and growth prospects are meticulously analyzed to provide a clear picture of market dynamics and opportunities.
- Regional And Country-Level Insights
- A granular analysis of the market performance in key South American countries, including Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and the Rest of South America, is provided. This section highlights regional trends, growth drivers, and regulatory landscapes, contrasting market maturity and growth potential across different geographies. It helps businesses identify high-growth regions and tailor their strategies accordingly.
- Competitive Benchmarking Of Key Players
- This part of the report offers an in-depth assessment of the competitive landscape, profiling leading companies such as BYD Co. Ltd., LG Chem Ltd., and Panasonic Corporation. It includes an analysis of their strategic initiatives, product portfolios, market shares, and competitive strengths, providing insights into their positioning and differentiation strategies within the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market.
- Customization Options Based on Specific Requirements
- Clients can avail free customization equivalent to 8 analyst working days with the purchase of the report. This includes options to add or alter specific country, regional, or segment scope, integrate additional company profiles, or request more detailed analysis on particular market aspects. Our flexibility ensures the report perfectly aligns with your unique business intelligence needs and strategic objectives.
Recent Industry Insights
In the last 12-18 months, the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing industry has witnessed several significant developments signaling robust growth and increasing strategic investments. Partnerships between international battery manufacturers and local automotive players have become more frequent, aiming to localize production and reduce reliance on imports. For instance, major South American countries have intensified efforts to attract foreign direct investment into battery cell and pack assembly facilities. Furthermore, there has been a noticeable push towards sustainable sourcing of raw materials, with several initiatives exploring ethical mining practices and recycling infrastructure development. Regulatory frameworks are also evolving, with governments introducing new incentives for EV adoption and local manufacturing, further bolstering the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing industry trends. These developments collectively underscore a dynamic period of expansion and strategic realignment within the regional market, positioning it for accelerated growth.
Key Market Developments
- October 2024: Brazil announced new tax incentives for electric vehicle and battery component manufacturing, aiming to attract global players and boost local production capacity.
- August 2024: LG Chem Ltd. confirmed plans to expand its battery module assembly plant in Argentina, increasing production to meet the growing demand from regional EV manufacturers.
- June 2024: A consortium of Chilean mining companies and Japanese battery firms initiated a joint venture to explore sustainable lithium extraction technologies suitable for the South American market.
- April 2024: BYD Co. Ltd. launched a new line of advanced LFP batteries specifically designed for commercial electric vehicles in Colombia, targeting the urban logistics sector.
- February 2024: EnerSys partnered with a leading South American bus manufacturer to supply specialized battery solutions for electric public transport fleets, emphasizing durability and performance.
Analyst Opinion
The South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market presents an attractive investment proposition, albeit with inherent complexities characteristic of an emerging industrial sector. Market attractiveness is high, driven by the region's vast raw material reserves, a burgeoning automotive industry, and increasing governmental commitment to decarbonization. The competitive intensity is currently moderately consolidated, with a few global giants dominating, but local players are rapidly gaining ground through specialized offerings and strategic alliances. The demand–supply balance is still skewed towards demand, primarily met by imports, creating a significant opportunity for localized manufacturing to bridge this gap. However, the market's evolution is heavily reliant on consistent policy support, infrastructure development, and consumer adoption rates. Stakeholders must carefully evaluate the regulatory landscape and invest in scalable, sustainable production capabilities to capitalize on the substantial growth potential projected for the South America Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing market outlook.
Looking at the long-term outlook, the South America EV battery manufacturing market is poised for sustained exponential growth, fueled by technological advancements in battery chemistry and increasing investments in gigafactories. The innovation landscape is vibrant, with a focus on enhancing energy density, improving safety features, and developing more cost-effective production methods. Key risk factors include geopolitical instability impacting raw material supply chains, rapid technological obsolescence necessitating continuous R&D, and the challenge of establishing robust recycling infrastructure. For industry participants, strategic implications involve prioritizing vertical integration to secure raw material access, fostering collaborations with local governments and automotive OEMs, and investing in sustainable manufacturing practices. Companies that can navigate these risks while demonstrating agility in technology adoption and localized production will be best positioned to thrive and capture significant market share in this dynamic and promising sector.