Update date: Jul 08, 2026 | 269 Pages | Report ID: SFC-005904
Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran Market
DMA IntelligenceBio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran Market Forecast and Analysis 2033
Segments: Source (Biomass, Agricultural Waste, Others), Application (Solvents, Biofuels, Polymers, Pharmaceuticals, Others), End-Use Industry (Chemical, Automotive, Pharmaceuticals, Electronics, Others), By Region, And Segment Forecasts
$165.0M
Market Size, 2025
$176.9M
Market Estimate, 2026
$287.8M
Market Forecast, 2033
7.2%
CAGR, 2026–2033
Market Definiton and Strategic Context
The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran Market refers to the production and consumption of methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) derived from renewable biomass sources, rather than petrochemicals. MTHF is a versatile cyclic ether primarily used as a green solvent, a chemical intermediate, and a fuel additive, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil-based chemicals. Its growing appeal stems from its favorable environmental profile, including biodegradability and lower toxicity, aligning with global efforts towards a bio-based economy and reducing carbon footprint. The market is driven by increasing demand for sustainable chemicals across various industries, stringent environmental regulations pushing for eco-friendly alternatives, and advancements in bio-refinery technologies that improve production efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Key applications range from pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals to coatings and specialty chemicals, where MTHF's unique solvent properties are highly valued. The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market size was estimated at USD 165 million in 2025, reflecting a significant shift towards sustainable solutions. The market is poised for substantial industry expansion, with a positive growth outlook and a robust market forecast, driven by continuous innovation in production pathways and expanding end-use applications. This comprehensive report delves into the intricate dynamics shaping this market, providing a detailed analysis of its current landscape and future trajectory, highlighting key trends, growth opportunities, and competitive strategies.
| Report Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Market size value in 2025 | USD 165.00 Million |
| Revenue forecast in 2033 | USD 287.77 Million |
| Growth rate | CAGR of 7.2% from 2025 to 2033 |
| Actual data | 2021 - 2024 |
| Forecast period | 2025 - 2033 |
| Quantitative units | Revenue in USD Million and CAGR from 2025 to 2033 |
| Report coverage | Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends |
| Segments covered | Source, Application, End-Use Industry |
| Regional scope | North America; Europe; APAC; Latin America; MEA |
| Country scope | All; All; All; All; All |
| Key companies profiled | Praxair Technology, Inc.; LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V.; Penn A Kem LLC; DynaChem Inc.; Nova Molecular Technologies, Inc.; TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd.; BASF SE; Shandong Meilun Chemical Co., Ltd.; Ascend Performance Materials LLC; Zibo Xinye Chemical Co., Ltd.; Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific); Merck KGaA; Sigma-Aldrich Corporation; Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; Greenyug LLC; Corbion N.V.; BioAmber Inc.; Genomatica, Inc.; Circa Group AS; Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd. |
| Customization scope | Free report customization (equivalent to 8 analysts working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope. |
| Pricing and purchase options | Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options |
Growth Catalysts & Market Constraints
The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market is navigating a complex landscape shaped by evolving sustainability mandates and technological advancements. The escalating global emphasis on green chemistry and renewable resources serves as a primary impetus, significantly driving the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market size and growth forecast. Regulatory frameworks worldwide are increasingly favoring bio-based alternatives, compelling industries to adopt more environmentally friendly solvents and chemical intermediates. However, challenges related to production costs and scalability, particularly when competing with established petrochemical-derived products, present notable hurdles. Despite these constraints, continuous innovation in bio-refinery processes, coupled with strategic partnerships across the value chain, is creating new avenues for market expansion. The overall growth outlook remains positive, underpinned by a robust demand for sustainable materials in diverse end-use sectors, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for stakeholders aiming to capitalize on the market's potential and mitigate associated risks.
Growth Drivers
- Increasing demand for sustainable chemicals and green solvents: The global shift towards environmentally conscious manufacturing and consumer products is significantly boosting the adoption of bio-sourced chemicals like MTHF. Industries are actively seeking alternatives to petroleum-based solvents due to their environmental impact, driving the market for MTHF in applications such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and coatings.
- Stringent environmental regulations and government initiatives: Governments worldwide are implementing stricter environmental policies and offering incentives for the development and use of bio-based products. These regulations, aimed at reducing carbon emissions and hazardous waste, compel manufacturers to integrate bio-sourced MTHF into their processes, thereby accelerating market growth and compliance efforts.
Restraints
- High production costs and scalability challenges: The current production processes for bio-sourced MTHF often incur higher costs compared to its petrochemical counterparts, primarily due to feedstock variability, complex conversion technologies, and smaller production scales. This cost disparity can limit its widespread adoption, especially in price-sensitive markets, posing a significant restraint on market expansion.
- Competition from existing petrochemical-based alternatives: The market is heavily dominated by well-established, cost-effective, and readily available petrochemical solvents and intermediates. Overcoming the inertia of switching from these traditional options requires substantial investment in R&D, market education, and demonstrating superior performance-to-cost ratios for bio-sourced MTHF.
Opportunities
- Advancements in bio-refinery technologies and feedstock diversification: Ongoing research and development efforts are leading to more efficient and cost-effective methods for producing MTHF from a wider range of biomass feedstocks, including agricultural residues and lignocellulosic materials. These technological breakthroughs present significant opportunities to enhance scalability and reduce production costs, making bio-sourced MTHF more competitive.
- Expanding applications in niche and high-value industries: Beyond its traditional uses, bio-sourced MTHF is finding new applications in emerging fields such as advanced materials, specialized polymers, and energy storage solutions. Its unique properties, combined with its sustainable profile, offer opportunities for market penetration in high-value segments where environmental performance is a critical differentiator.
Challenges
- Supply chain volatility and feedstock availability: The reliance on biomass feedstocks introduces challenges related to seasonal availability, geographical distribution, and price fluctuations, which can impact the consistent supply and cost stability of bio-sourced MTHF. Managing these supply chain complexities is crucial for ensuring reliable production and meeting market demand.
- Lack of standardized regulations and certifications: The absence of universally accepted standards and certifications for bio-based chemicals can create market entry barriers and complicate consumer trust. Developing harmonized regulatory frameworks and certification schemes is essential to streamline market access, ensure product quality, and build confidence among end-users.
Market Level Breakdown
The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market is segmented by Source, Application, and End-Use Industry, providing a comprehensive view of its intricate structure. The Source segment delineates the raw materials used for MTHF production, primarily encompassing Biomass-Derived and Agricultural Waste. Biomass-Derived sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, represent the dominant share, owing to their abundant availability and established conversion technologies. Agricultural Waste, including crop residues and by-products, is gaining traction as a cost-effective and sustainable feedstock, contributing significantly to the market's growth and diversification. This segmentation highlights the industry's commitment to utilizing renewable resources, influencing the overall Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market size and sustainability initiatives. Understanding the variations in feedstock availability and processing technologies across different sources is crucial for strategic planning and investment within the bio-based chemical sector.
The Application segment for Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran includes Solvent Applications, Chemical Intermediates, and Fuel Additives. Solvent Applications hold the largest share, driven by the demand for green solvents in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and coatings due to MTHF's favorable environmental and chemical properties. As a Chemical Intermediate, MTHF is vital in synthesizing various specialty chemicals, contributing to the development of bio-based polymers and materials. Its role as a Fuel Additive is emerging, offering potential for improved combustion and reduced emissions in certain fuel blends. This diverse application portfolio underscores MTHF's versatility and its increasing integration into sustainable product lines. The continued expansion of these application areas is a key factor in the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market's positive growth outlook.
The End-Use Industry segment covers Pharmaceuticals, Agrochemicals, Paints & Coatings, Adhesives & Sealants, and Others. The Pharmaceutical industry is a significant consumer, utilizing MTHF as a solvent in synthesis and purification processes, driven by strict regulatory requirements for purity and sustainability. Agrochemicals also leverage MTHF for its solvent properties in formulations, enhancing product efficacy while adhering to environmental standards. In Paints & Coatings, MTHF acts as a low-VOC solvent, supporting the shift towards greener formulations. Adhesives & Sealants benefit from its strong solvent power and compatibility. The 'Others' category includes emerging applications in advanced materials and specialized chemical manufacturing. Each end-use sector's growing adoption of bio-sourced MTHF contributes to the overall market forecast, reflecting a broader industry trend toward sustainable and high-performance solutions.
Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran Segmentation Breakdown
- Source
- Biomass
- Agricultural Waste
- Others
- Application
- Solvents
- Biofuels
- Polymers
- Pharmaceuticals
- Others
- End-Use Industry
- Chemical
- Automotive
- Pharmaceuticals
- Electronics
- Others
Geographic Performance & Regional Trends
Geographically, the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market exhibits diverse growth patterns, with Asia Pacific emerging as the largest and fastest-growing region in 2025. This dominance is primarily attributed to rapid industrialization, burgeoning chemical manufacturing sectors, and increasing environmental awareness driving the demand for sustainable solutions across countries like China, India, and Japan. Europe also holds a significant share, propelled by stringent environmental regulations and a strong focus on bio-based economy initiatives, particularly in Germany and the United Kingdom. North America, with its advanced research infrastructure and growing adoption of green chemistry principles, represents a mature yet steadily expanding market. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are showing promising growth, albeit from a smaller base, driven by developing industrial bases and increasing investments in sustainable technologies. The regional forecast indicates continued leadership from Asia Pacific, with Europe and North America maintaining strong positions due to ongoing innovation and regulatory support.
Regional Growth Drivers
- North America: The region's robust chemical industry and strong R&D infrastructure drive the adoption of bio-sourced MTHF, particularly in the United States and Canada. Increasing corporate sustainability goals and consumer demand for eco-friendly products further accelerate market penetration, especially in pharmaceutical and specialty chemical applications.
- Europe: Stringent environmental regulations, such as REACH, and significant government support for bio-based industries in countries like Germany, the United Kingdom, and France, are key drivers. The region's focus on circular economy principles and sustainable manufacturing practices fuels the demand for green solvents and chemical intermediates.
- Asia Pacific: Rapid industrialization, expanding manufacturing capabilities, and growing environmental concerns in China, India, and Japan are propelling the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market growth. The region benefits from increasing investments in bio-refineries and a large consumer base demanding sustainable products across various sectors.
- Latin America: Modernization of industrial sectors and increasing awareness of environmental sustainability in countries like Brazil and Mexico are fostering market growth. Investments in renewable resources and the development of local bio-based industries contribute to the rising adoption of bio-sourced MTHF, albeit from a smaller base.
- Middle East & Africa: Growing efforts towards economic diversification away from fossil fuels and increasing industrial development in countries like Saudi Arabia and South Africa are driving the demand for sustainable chemicals. Enhanced access to bio-based technologies and international collaborations are contributing to market expansion in this region.
The regional trajectories for Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran reveal a dynamic interplay between mature markets, characterized by innovation and regulatory push, and emerging markets, driven by industrial growth and sustainability adoption. Mature regions like North America and Europe are expected to see steady, innovation-led growth, focusing on high-value applications and advanced bio-refinery processes. Conversely, emerging economies in Asia Pacific and Latin America are poised for more rapid expansion, fueled by increasing industrial output and a burgeoning awareness of green chemistry. For suppliers, this implies a dual strategy: consolidating market share and fostering innovation in established markets, while aggressively expanding production and distribution networks in high-growth developing regions. Navigating varied regulatory landscapes and local feedstock availability will be critical for long-term success, shaping the competitive landscape for years to come.
Competitive Insights & Leading Companies
The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran competitive landscape is characterized by a moderately consolidated structure, with a mix of established chemical giants and specialized bio-based chemical producers vying for market share. Global players like BASF SE and Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific) leverage their extensive R&D capabilities, global distribution networks, and integrated value chains to maintain a strong foothold. Alongside these, regional players and innovative startups, such as Greenyug LLC and Circa Group AS, focus on proprietary bio-refinery technologies and niche applications to differentiate themselves. Key competitive levers include technological innovation in feedstock conversion, process efficiency, and product purity, which directly impact cost-effectiveness and market acceptance. Regulatory approvals and certifications for bio-based claims also play a crucial role, influencing market access and consumer trust. The ability to secure sustainable and cost-competitive biomass feedstocks is a significant differentiator, often leading to strategic partnerships with agricultural suppliers or bio-refineries. Furthermore, strong intellectual property protection around novel synthesis routes provides a competitive edge, allowing companies to capture premium segments of the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market.
Companies in the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market are employing various strategies to enhance their market position and drive growth. A prominent trend involves strategic alliances and partnerships between bio-refinery technology providers and chemical manufacturers to scale up production and optimize conversion processes. For instance, collaborations focused on developing advanced catalytic systems for MTHF synthesis from diverse biomass sources are common. Product launches emphasizing enhanced purity, specialized grades for specific applications, and improved environmental performance are also key differentiation tactics. Geographical expansion, particularly into high-growth regions like Asia Pacific, is another critical strategy, often pursued through joint ventures or establishing local manufacturing facilities. R&D investments are heavily focused on reducing production costs, improving yields, and exploring new applications to broaden market appeal. Differentiation is achieved through a combination of superior product performance, robust supply chain management, and a strong commitment to sustainability, which resonates with environmentally conscious end-users. Despite these efforts, the industry faces challenges such as margin pressure due to feedstock price volatility and the high capital expenditure required for new production facilities. Compliance costs associated with evolving bio-based product standards and the risk of commoditization as production scales up also pose strategic hurdles for market players.
Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran Key Companies
- Praxair Technology, Inc.
- LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V.
- Penn A Kem LLC
- DynaChem Inc.
- Nova Molecular Technologies, Inc.
- TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd.
- BASF SE
- Shandong Meilun Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Ascend Performance Materials LLC
- Zibo Xinye Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
- Merck KGaA
- Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Greenyug LLC
- Corbion N.V.
- BioAmber Inc.
- Genomatica, Inc.
- Circa Group AS
- Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd.
Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran Market Ecosystem
Ecosystem Participants
- Raw Material Suppliers — provide diverse biomass feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic materials, agricultural residues, and waste streams, which are critical for the sustainable production of Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran. These suppliers ensure the consistent and environmentally responsible sourcing of renewable carbon sources, directly impacting the cost-effectiveness and sustainability credentials of the final product.
- Their operational responsibilities include cultivation, harvesting, and pre-treatment of biomass, often involving complex logistics and quality control to meet the specifications of bio-refineries. Value flows from chemical manufacturers to these suppliers in exchange for feedstock, while dependencies involve long-term supply agreements and sustainable land management practices.
- Bio-refineries and Bioprocess Technology Providers — are at the core of the ecosystem, converting biomass into intermediate chemicals like levulinic acid or furfural, which are then further processed into Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran. These entities develop and license advanced catalytic and fermentation technologies essential for efficient and selective conversion, crucial for economic viability.
- They bear the primary responsibility for optimizing conversion yields and purity, often collaborating with academic institutions and research organizations for innovation. Their role is to bridge the gap between raw biomass and chemical synthesis, adding significant value through specialized processing and engineering expertise.
- Chemical Manufacturers/Producers — synthesize Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran from the intermediate chemicals supplied by bio-refineries. These companies possess the chemical engineering expertise and manufacturing infrastructure required for large-scale production, ensuring product quality, consistency, and adherence to industry standards.
- Their activities include complex chemical reactions, purification, and quality assurance, often involving significant capital investment in plants and equipment. They interact closely with both upstream feedstock providers and downstream distributors, translating raw materials into high-value chemical products for diverse applications.
- Distributors and Traders — play a vital role in the supply chain by bridging the gap between MTHF producers and various end-use industries. They manage logistics, warehousing, and inventory, ensuring timely and efficient delivery of the product to customers globally. Their expertise in market access and regional distribution networks is crucial.
- They often provide value-added services such as technical support and regulatory compliance assistance to clients. Their broad reach enables producers to access diverse geographic markets and customer segments, optimizing market penetration and sales volumes.
- End-Use Industries — are the ultimate consumers of Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran, spanning sectors such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, paints and coatings, and specialty chemicals. These industries integrate MTHF into their formulations and processes, driven by its performance characteristics and sustainable profile.
- Their demand patterns and product specifications directly influence the production strategies and innovation priorities of MTHF manufacturers. They provide critical feedback on product performance and sustainability requirements, fostering a continuous cycle of improvement and adaptation within the ecosystem.
- Research and Development Institutions/Academia — contribute significantly through fundamental and applied research, developing new synthesis routes, improving catalysts, and exploring novel applications for Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran. They often collaborate with industry players to commercialize innovative technologies and optimize existing processes.
- Their work is instrumental in addressing technical challenges, reducing production costs, and expanding the market's potential by identifying new sustainable pathways and high-value uses for MTHF.
- Regulatory Bodies and Environmental Agencies — establish and enforce environmental standards, safety regulations, and certification schemes for bio-based chemicals. These bodies influence market dynamics by promoting sustainable practices and setting benchmarks for product safety and environmental performance.
- Their guidance and approvals are essential for market access and consumer trust, ensuring that bio-sourced MTHF products meet the necessary health and environmental criteria, thereby shaping industry best practices and compliance requirements.
Report Coverage & Key Deliverables
The report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran, combining quantitative data with qualitative insights. This exhaustive study offers an in-depth understanding of market dynamics, competitive landscape, and future growth trajectories, empowering stakeholders with actionable intelligence. It serves as a vital resource for strategic decision-making, market entry strategies, and investment planning by providing a granular view of market segmentation across various dimensions, including source, application, and end-use industry. The report meticulously covers historical market performance from 2021 to 2025 and provides robust forecasts up to 2033, enabling businesses to anticipate future trends and capitalize on emerging opportunities. Furthermore, a detailed regional analysis highlights key growth pockets and factors influencing market expansion across major geographies, offering a nuanced perspective on global market evolution. By integrating both macro-economic factors and micro-market drivers, this deliverable ensures a holistic understanding of the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market, making it an indispensable tool for industry participants, investors, and policymakers seeking to navigate this rapidly evolving sector.
Report Coverage
- Market Size Estimates (historical and forecast)
- Our market size estimates encompass historical data from 2021 to 2025 and provide a forward-looking forecast up to 2033. These estimates are derived using a robust methodology that integrates primary research with extensive secondary data analysis, ensuring accuracy and reliability for strategic planning.
- Detailed Segmentation And Revenue Analysis
- The report offers granular segmentation by Source, Application, and End-Use Industry, providing a clear understanding of revenue generation across diverse market segments. This analysis helps identify high-growth areas and informs targeted marketing and product development strategies.
- Regional And Country-Level Insights
- We provide in-depth analysis of market performance across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa, including key country-level data. This section highlights regional market maturity, growth drivers, and competitive dynamics, offering critical insights for localized strategies.
- Competitive Benchmarking Of Key Players
- A comprehensive competitive landscape section profiles leading companies in the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market. It includes an assessment of their strategic initiatives, product portfolios, and market positioning, enabling stakeholders to benchmark performance and identify potential partners or competitors.
- Customization Options Based on Specific Requirements
- Clients can avail free 10% customization on report purchase, allowing for tailored insights into specific market segments, regions, or competitive analyses. We offer flexibility in scope tailoring to address unique business intelligence needs, ensuring maximum value from the report.
Recent Industry Insights
The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran industry trends have recently been marked by significant developments reflecting the growing emphasis on sustainability and technological innovation. Over the last 12-18 months, there has been a noticeable surge in strategic partnerships aimed at scaling up production capacities and improving conversion efficiencies from diverse biomass feedstocks. Product launches have focused on developing higher purity grades of MTHF for specialized applications in pharmaceuticals and electronics, catering to stringent industry requirements. Regulatory changes in key regions, particularly in Europe and North America, have continued to favor bio-based chemicals, providing a strong impetus for market players. Shifts in enterprise trends indicate a greater commitment to green chemistry principles, with many companies actively integrating bio-sourced alternatives into their supply chains. Furthermore, investments in R&D for novel catalytic systems and advanced bio-refinery processes have seen an uptick, signaling a robust growth trajectory for the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market.
Key Market Developments
- October 2024: Circa Group AS announced a partnership with a major chemical distributor to expand the reach of its bio-based solvent offerings, including MTHF, across European markets.
- August 2024: Greenyug LLC secured significant funding to scale up its proprietary technology for producing bio-sourced MTHF from agricultural waste, aiming to reduce production costs and enhance sustainability.
- May 2024: BASF SE launched a new high-purity grade of bio-sourced MTHF, targeting demanding applications in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical sectors, further solidifying its position in the green solvent market.
- February 2024: Researchers in the United States published a breakthrough in catalytic conversion technology, promising more efficient and selective synthesis of MTHF from lignocellulosic biomass, potentially lowering future production costs.
Analyst Opinion
The Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market outlook is highly promising, driven by an accelerating global transition towards sustainable chemistry and circular economy models. The market's attractiveness is underscored by the increasing demand for green solvents and chemical intermediates across diverse industries, offering a compelling value proposition over conventional petrochemical-derived alternatives. Competitive intensity, while moderately consolidated, is expected to heighten as more players enter the bio-based chemical space, necessitating continuous innovation in production processes and feedstock utilization. The demand–supply balance is currently leaning towards increasing demand, particularly from regions with stringent environmental regulations and strong sustainability mandates, such as Europe and North America. However, challenges related to scaling up production and achieving cost parity with fossil-based counterparts remain a critical area for improvement. The market is ripe for strategic investments in advanced bio-refinery technologies and collaborative partnerships that can optimize the value chain and unlock new growth avenues for Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran.
Looking at the long-term outlook, the Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran market is poised for sustained expansion, fueled by ongoing research into diversified biomass feedstocks and more efficient conversion pathways. The innovation landscape is vibrant, with significant R&D efforts focused on developing novel catalytic systems and improving process economics. Key risk factors include the volatility of biomass feedstock prices, which can impact profitability, and the need for greater regulatory harmonization across different regions to facilitate broader market adoption. Furthermore, the capital-intensive nature of establishing new bio-production facilities presents a barrier to entry for smaller players. For companies to thrive, a strategic focus on vertical integration, securing long-term feedstock supply agreements, and investing in intellectual property will be crucial. The market will likely see continued consolidation and strategic alliances as companies seek to leverage economies of scale and expand their global footprint, ultimately shaping a resilient and sustainable future for Bio-Sourced Methyltetrahydrofuran.