Update date: Aug 28, 2026 | 252 Pages | Report ID: M-AM-013845
Bio-Based Battery Binder Market
DMA IntelligenceGlobal Bio-Based Battery Binder Market Outlook Projects By 2034 At CAGR
Segments: Product Type (Cellulose-Based, Lignin-Based, Starch-Based, Alginate-Based, Others), Battery Type (Lithium-Ion Batteries, Lead-Acid Batteries, Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries, Others), Application (Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Industrial, Energy Storage, Others), End-User (OEMs, Aftermarket), By Region, And Segment Forecasts
$429.0M
Market Size, 2025
$498.5M
Market Estimate, 2026
$1426.0M
Market Forecast, 2033
16.2%
CAGR, 2026–2033
Bio-Based Battery Binder Market Size, Share & Key Insights
The Bio-Based Battery Binder Market size was valued at USD 429.00 in 2025, and the market is projected to grow from USD 498.50 in 2026 to USD 1425.96 by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 16.2%% during the forecast period 2026–2033. North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA led the global market in 2025.
Study Overview
 Study Period | 2021 - 2033 |
 Base Year | 2025 |
 Estimated Year | 2026 |
 Forecast Period | 2026-2033 |
 Historical Range | 2021-2025 |
| Units | USD Million |
 Coverage | Global | North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa |
 Deliverables | PDF + Excel Data Pack |
Major Market Players
Key Takeaways: Bio-Based Battery Binder Market
- In 2025, the global Bio-Based Battery Binder market size was estimated to be USD 429 million.
- Projected to grow at a 16.2% CAGR, reaching a valuation of USD 1429.77 Million by 2033.
- The Lignin category accounted for the highest market share of 35% within the Product Type segment.
- Cellulose captured a substantial 25% of the total revenue in 2025.
- Regionally, Asia-Pacific emerged as the top market, generating USD 171.60 Million and securing a 40% share.
- Primary market growth drivers include increasing demand for electric vehicles, stringent environmental regulations, and advancements in sustainable battery technologies.
- Key industry player Arkema S.A. strengthened its market position via strategic partnerships and innovations in bio-based material science for battery applications.
Market Definiton and Strategic Context
The Bio-Based Battery Binder Market refers to the industry focused on the development, production, and distribution of binding agents derived from renewable biological sources for use in battery manufacturing. These binders, which are crucial components in battery electrodes, enhance structural integrity, improve adhesion between active materials and current collectors, and facilitate ion transport within the battery. The growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing the environmental footprint of energy storage solutions is a primary driver for the adoption of bio-based alternatives over traditional petroleum-derived binders. This market encompasses a range of natural polymers and bio-derived chemicals, including lignin, cellulose derivatives, starch, and proteins, each offering unique properties suitable for different battery chemistries and applications. These binders aim to deliver comparable or superior performance to conventional binders, particularly in terms of cycle life, power density, and safety, while addressing environmental concerns associated with the lifecycle of batteries. The Bio-Based Battery Binder market size is experiencing robust expansion driven by the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) sector, increasing demand for portable electronic devices, and advancements in grid-scale energy storage systems, all of which necessitate high-performance and environmentally friendly battery components. The growth outlook for this market is highly positive, with significant investments in research and development aimed at improving the functional properties and cost-effectiveness of bio-based materials. Industry expansion is further supported by stringent environmental regulations and corporate sustainability initiatives pushing manufacturers to integrate greener materials into their supply chains. The market forecast indicates a sustained upward trajectory, reflecting the global shift towards renewable energy and sustainable technologies. In 2025, the global Bio-Based Battery Binder market size was estimated to be USD 429 million, poised for substantial growth as technological innovations and market acceptance continue to advance.
| Report Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Market size value in 2025 | USD 429.00 Million |
| Revenue forecast in 2033 | USD 1,425.96 Million |
| Growth rate | CAGR of 16.2% from 2025 to 2033 |
| Actual data | 2021 - 2024 |
| Forecast period | 2025 - 2033 |
| Quantitative units | Revenue in USD Million and CAGR from 2025 to 2033 |
| Report coverage | Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends |
| Segments covered | Product Type, Battery Type, Application, End-User |
| Regional scope | North America; Europe; APAC; Latin America; MEA |
| Country scope | All; All; All; All; All |
| Key companies profiled | Arkema S.A.; DuPont de Nemours, Inc.; BASF SE; Ashland Global Holdings Inc.; Solvay S.A.; Trinseo S.A.; Daikin Industries, Ltd.; Wacker Chemie AG; Synthomer plc; Kuraray Co., Ltd.; SGL Carbon SE; Celanese Corporation; Borregaard ASA; ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company); Cargill, Incorporated; FMC Corporation; Dow Inc.; Merck KGaA; Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd.; Henkel AG & Co. KGaA |
| Customization scope | Free report customization (equivalent to 8 analysts working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope. |
| Pricing and purchase options | Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options |
Growth Catalysts & Market Constraints
The Bio-Based Battery Binder market is shaped by a confluence of dynamic forces, including escalating environmental concerns, rapid technological advancements in battery chemistry, and supportive regulatory frameworks. These factors are collectively driving the demand for sustainable battery components, influencing the overall Bio-Based Battery Binder market size and growth forecast. The industry is witnessing a significant shift towards greener materials, which directly impacts market players' strategies and investment priorities. Understanding these underlying dynamics is crucial for stakeholders to navigate the evolving landscape and capitalize on emerging opportunities within the sustainable energy sector. The market's trajectory is intrinsically linked to global decarbonization efforts and the continuous pursuit of high-performance, eco-friendly energy storage solutions.
Growth Drivers
- The surging demand for electric vehicles (EVs) globally is a primary catalyst, as automotive manufacturers increasingly seek sustainable and high-performance battery components to meet both consumer preferences and stringent emission regulations. Bio-based binders offer an environmentally friendly alternative that can enhance battery performance, including cycle life and safety, directly contributing to the expansion of the Bio-Based Battery Binder market.
- Growing environmental awareness and regulatory pressure to reduce carbon footprints across industries are compelling battery manufacturers to adopt bio-based materials. Governments and international bodies are implementing policies that favor sustainable manufacturing practices, making bio-based binders an attractive option for companies aiming to improve their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) credentials and comply with evolving standards.
Restraints
- High production costs and scalability challenges associated with bio-based materials, compared to established synthetic binders, pose a significant restraint. The intricate extraction, purification, and modification processes required for bio-based binders often result in higher manufacturing expenses, which can deter widespread adoption, especially in cost-sensitive battery applications where price competitiveness is paramount.
- Performance limitations, such as lower mechanical strength or inferior electrochemical stability under certain operating conditions, can hinder the full-scale replacement of conventional binders. While research is ongoing to mitigate these issues, perceived or actual performance gaps can lead to slower market penetration and limit their application in high-end battery systems demanding peak efficiency and durability.
Opportunities
- Strategic collaborations between bio-material suppliers, battery manufacturers, and research institutions present significant opportunities for accelerating innovation and commercialization. These partnerships can facilitate the development of novel bio-based binder formulations tailored for specific battery chemistries, improve manufacturing processes, and expand market access through integrated supply chains, driving future growth.
- The exploration of new bio-based feedstocks and advanced modification techniques offers untapped potential for developing binders with enhanced properties. Innovations in biotechnology and polymer science can unlock new sources of sustainable materials and create binders that surpass the performance of existing options, opening new application avenues and strengthening market competitiveness.
Challenges
- Ensuring a consistent and high-quality supply of raw bio-based materials is a significant challenge, as agricultural yields and processing capabilities can vary. Fluctuations in feedstock availability, quality, and pricing due to seasonal changes, climate events, or competition with other bio-based industries can disrupt the supply chain and impact the cost-effectiveness and reliability of bio-based binder production.
- The lack of standardized testing protocols and regulatory frameworks for bio-based battery binders creates uncertainty for manufacturers and consumers. Establishing universal performance benchmarks and safety certifications is crucial to build confidence, streamline market entry, and accelerate the adoption of these innovative materials across diverse battery applications globally.
Market Level Breakdown
The Bio-Based Battery Binder market is meticulously segmented by Product Type, encompassing various natural polymers and derivatives that offer distinct advantages for battery applications. This segmentation includes categories such as Lignin, Cellulose, Starch, Protein, and Others, each contributing uniquely to electrode integrity and performance. Lignin, for instance, derived from wood, is gaining traction due to its abundance and excellent binding properties, especially in anode applications. Cellulose derivatives offer superior flexibility and adhesion, while starch and protein-based binders are explored for their biocompatibility and cost-effectiveness. Understanding these product types is crucial for manufacturers to tailor their offerings to specific battery chemistries and performance requirements, driving innovation and market share.
Further segmentation by Battery Type highlights the adaptability of bio-based binders across different energy storage technologies. This includes Lithium-ion, Nickel-Metal Hydride, Lead-Acid, and Other battery types. Lithium-ion batteries, being dominant in EVs and consumer electronics, represent the largest application area for bio-based binders, requiring materials that can withstand high energy densities and extensive cycling. The development of binders suitable for next-generation solid-state batteries and other advanced chemistries is also a key focus, emphasizing the market's continuous evolution. This Bio-Based Battery Binder segmentation reflects the diverse technical demands and opportunities within the battery industry.
The Application segment is critical in defining demand patterns, categorizing the market into Electric Vehicles, Consumer Electronics, Energy Storage, Industrial, and Grid Storage. Electric Vehicles represent the largest and fastest-growing application due to the global push for sustainable transportation, demanding robust and long-lasting binders. Consumer Electronics, such as smartphones and laptops, require binders that enable compact and high-performance batteries. Energy Storage systems, including residential and utility-scale installations, benefit from bio-based binders that contribute to the longevity and safety of large battery packs. Each application area presents unique technical challenges and opportunities for specialized bio-based binder formulations.
Finally, the End-User segmentation provides insight into the primary industries driving demand for bio-based battery binders, including Automotive, Consumer Goods, and Industrial sectors. The Automotive sector, propelled by EV production, is the largest end-user, prioritizing binders that enhance battery safety, performance, and sustainability credentials. The Consumer Goods sector seeks bio-based solutions for portable and smart devices, aligning with eco-conscious consumer trends. The Industrial sector, encompassing various manufacturing and heavy machinery applications, adopts these binders for their energy storage needs, contributing to a greener operational footprint. This detailed market taxonomy aids in strategic planning and targeting specific industry needs.
Bio-Based Battery Binder Segmentation Breakdown
- Product Type
- Cellulose-Based
- Lignin-Based
- Starch-Based
- Alginate-Based
- Others
- Battery Type
- Lithium-Ion Batteries
- Lead-Acid Batteries
- Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
- Others
- Application
- Automotive
- Consumer Electronics
- Industrial
- Energy Storage
- Others
- End-User
- OEMs
- Aftermarket
Geographic Performance & Regional Trends
Asia-Pacific emerged as the largest market for Bio-Based Battery Binders in 2025, driven by the region's dominance in battery manufacturing and electric vehicle production, particularly in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. This region also exhibits the fastest growth rate, fueled by supportive government policies, significant investments in renewable energy infrastructure, and a massive consumer base for electronics and EVs. Europe follows as a substantial market, propelled by stringent environmental regulations and ambitious decarbonization targets, fostering innovation in sustainable battery technologies. North America also contributes significantly, with increasing R&D efforts and a growing EV market.
Regional Growth Drivers
- North America: The region's robust research and development ecosystem, coupled with increasing investments in electric vehicle production and battery gigafactories, is driving the adoption of bio-based battery binders. Government incentives and a strong emphasis on sustainable manufacturing practices in countries like the United States and Canada are further accelerating market growth, aligning with environmental goals.
- Europe: Strict environmental regulations and ambitious climate targets across the European Union are compelling battery manufacturers to integrate eco-friendly materials. Significant investments in circular economy initiatives and a strong focus on reducing the carbon footprint of battery production in countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and France are key drivers for the Bio-Based Battery Binder market.
- Asia Pacific: This region's leadership in global battery manufacturing and electric vehicle markets, particularly in China, Japan, and South Korea, is the primary growth engine. High demand for consumer electronics and widespread adoption of EVs, combined with government support for sustainable technologies, are rapidly expanding the Bio-Based Battery Binder market.
- Latin America: Growing industrialization and increasing awareness of environmental sustainability are stimulating demand for bio-based battery binders. Countries like Brazil and Mexico are seeing rising investments in renewable energy projects and nascent electric vehicle markets, contributing to the gradual modernization of their energy storage sectors and fostering market expansion.
- Middle East & Africa: Diversification efforts away from fossil fuels and increasing investments in sustainable infrastructure projects are creating new opportunities. Regions like Saudi Arabia and South Africa are exploring renewable energy solutions, leading to an emergent demand for advanced battery technologies and, consequently, bio-based binder materials to enhance energy access and stability.
Looking ahead, regional trajectories for bio-based battery binders indicate continued strong growth in emerging markets, particularly Asia-Pacific, due to its manufacturing prowess and expanding EV sector. Mature markets like Europe and North America will see steady growth, driven by innovation, regulatory compliance, and consumer demand for greener products. Strategic implications for suppliers include prioritizing R&D for region-specific performance requirements, establishing localized supply chains in high-growth areas, and navigating diverse regulatory landscapes. This dual-pronged approach, balancing innovation in established regions with market penetration in emerging economies, will be crucial for sustained success in the global Bio-Based Battery Binder market.
Competitive Insights & Leading Companies
The competitive landscape of the Bio-Based Battery Binder market is currently moderately consolidated, characterized by the presence of a few dominant players alongside a growing number of specialized bio-material manufacturers and startups. Global chemical giants and specialty chemical companies hold a significant share, leveraging their extensive R&D capabilities, established distribution networks, and strong customer relationships with major battery producers. However, the market also features regional players and innovative smaller firms focusing on niche applications or specific bio-based feedstocks, contributing to a dynamic competitive environment. Key competitive levers include product innovation, focusing on binders that offer superior electrochemical performance, enhanced adhesion, and improved processability. Pricing strategies are crucial, as bio-based alternatives often face cost comparisons with conventional binders. Additionally, regulatory approvals and certifications for sustainable materials play a vital role in market entry and expansion. The ability to scale production efficiently and ensure a consistent supply of high-quality bio-based raw materials is also a significant differentiator, influencing market positioning and overall competitive intensity within the Bio-Based Battery Binder competitive landscape.
Companies in the Bio-Based Battery Binder market are employing diverse strategies to gain a competitive edge and drive market penetration. A prominent strategy involves strategic mergers and acquisitions, allowing larger entities to integrate specialized bio-material technologies and expand their product portfolios. Partnerships and collaborations with battery manufacturers and research institutions are common, aimed at co-developing customized binder solutions and accelerating their commercialization. Product launches focus on novel formulations that offer improved performance, such as better cycling stability, higher energy density, or faster charging capabilities. Geographical expansion into high-growth regions like Asia-Pacific is also a key tactic, enabling companies to tap into burgeoning electric vehicle and energy storage markets. Significant investments in R&D are dedicated to exploring new bio-based feedstocks, optimizing synthesis processes, and enhancing binder properties to meet evolving battery demands. Differentiation is achieved through superior material science, offering binders with unique functionalities, comprehensive technical support, and robust supply chain management. However, companies face challenges such as margin pressure due to intense competition and raw material costs, the need to comply with evolving environmental regulations, and ensuring the long-term stability and scalability of bio-based production processes. Overcoming these challenges requires continuous innovation and strategic agility from Bio-Based Battery Binder key players.
Bio-Based Battery Binder Key Companies
- Arkema S.A.
- DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
- BASF SE
- Ashland Global Holdings Inc.
- Solvay S.A.
- Trinseo S.A.
- Daikin Industries, Ltd.
- Wacker Chemie AG
- Synthomer plc
- Kuraray Co., Ltd.
- SGL Carbon SE
- Celanese Corporation
- Borregaard ASA
- ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company)
- Cargill, Incorporated
- FMC Corporation
- Dow Inc.
- Merck KGaA
- Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd.
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
Bio-Based Battery Binder Market Ecosystem
Ecosystem Participants
- Raw Material Suppliers — Provide renewable biomass feedstocks like lignin, cellulose, starch, and agricultural waste. These suppliers are foundational, ensuring the sustainable origin of materials that differentiate bio-based binders from synthetic counterparts. Their role involves sustainable sourcing, initial processing, and quality control of biomass to meet industrial standards.
- This involves managing agricultural cycles, ensuring feedstock purity, and often collaborating with bio-refineries to convert raw biomass into usable chemical intermediates. Ensuring traceability and consistent quality across diverse bio-sources is a key operational responsibility.
- Bio-Binder Manufacturers — Specialize in extracting, refining, and chemically modifying bio-based materials to produce high-performance battery binders. These companies invest heavily in R&D to develop binders that meet stringent electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal requirements of various battery chemistries, striving for cost-effectiveness and scalability.
- Their core activities include polymer synthesis, formulation development, and extensive testing to validate binder performance in electrode slurries and finished cells. They face challenges in optimizing production processes to reduce costs and scale up to meet growing demand while maintaining quality.
- Battery Cell Manufacturers — Integrate bio-based binders into their electrode production lines for various battery types, including lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride, and lead-acid. They evaluate binders based on performance metrics such as adhesion, cycle life, energy density, and compatibility with other active materials, influencing adoption rates.
- These manufacturers conduct rigorous internal testing and quality assurance to ensure that the bio-based binders contribute positively to overall battery performance and safety. Their feedback is crucial for bio-binder manufacturers to refine product specifications and improve formulations.
- Electric Vehicle (EV) and Electronics Manufacturers — The ultimate consumers of batteries with bio-based binders, integrating them into their final products. Their demand for sustainable components, coupled with performance expectations, drives innovation across the ecosystem. They influence the market through their purchasing decisions and technical specifications.
- Their role extends to setting performance benchmarks and sustainability goals for their battery suppliers, which in turn cascades down to the binder manufacturers. Compliance with their product requirements and market trends is essential for the entire value chain.
- Research & Development Institutions — Academic bodies and private research labs dedicated to advancing bio-material science, battery chemistry, and sustainable manufacturing processes. They contribute fundamental knowledge, develop novel bio-based feedstocks, and create innovative binder formulations.
- These institutions often collaborate with industry players to translate scientific breakthroughs into commercially viable products, addressing challenges related to material properties, scalability, and cost-efficiency. Their work is vital for the long-term growth and competitiveness of the market.
Report Coverage & Key Deliverables
The report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the Bio-Based Battery Binder, combining quantitative data with qualitative insights. It provides an in-depth exploration of market dynamics, segmentation, and regional trends, offering a holistic view for stakeholders. This meticulously researched document is designed to equip business users with actionable intelligence, facilitating informed strategic decisions. It covers historical market performance, current market size, and future growth projections, enabling a clear understanding of the industry's trajectory. Furthermore, the report delves into the competitive landscape, profiling key players and their strategic initiatives, alongside an analysis of growth drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges shaping the market. This detailed coverage ensures that readers gain a profound understanding of the Bio-Based Battery Binder market's complexities and potential, empowering them to identify lucrative avenues and mitigate risks in a rapidly evolving sustainable energy sector.
Report Coverage
- Market Size Estimates (historical and forecast)
- Our report provides precise market size estimates spanning the historical period from 2021 to 2025 and extends the forecast up to 2033. Utilizing a robust methodology that integrates both top-down and bottom-up approaches, we ensure accuracy and reliability in our projections, offering a clear quantitative perspective on market evolution.
- Detailed Segmentation And Revenue Analysis
- The study offers an exhaustive segmentation of the Bio-Based Battery Binder market by Product Type, Battery Type, Application, and End-User. Each segment is rigorously analyzed for its revenue contribution, growth potential, and underlying dynamics, providing a granular view of market opportunities and monetization lenses across various categories.
- Regional And Country-Level Insights
- We deliver comprehensive insights into market performance across major regions including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa, as well as key countries within them. This analysis highlights regional market maturity, growth drivers, regulatory landscapes, and competitive intensity, offering a comparative understanding of diverse geographical markets.
- Competitive Benchmarking Of Key Players
- The report includes a thorough competitive benchmarking section, profiling leading companies in the Bio-Based Battery Binder market. This analysis covers their strategic positioning, product portfolios, recent developments, and market share, enabling stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and identify key differentiators among market participants.
- Customization Options Based on Specific Requirements
- Recognizing diverse client needs, we offer extensive customization options. This includes tailoring the report scope to specific countries, segments, or even focusing on particular companies, ensuring that the deliverables align precisely with individual research objectives and strategic planning requirements.
Recent Industry Insights
Recent industry insights in the Bio-Based Battery Binder market reveal a dynamic landscape driven by a strong commitment to sustainability and technological innovation over the last 12-18 months. Strategic partnerships between chemical companies and battery manufacturers have accelerated the development and commercialization of new bio-based formulations, particularly for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. There's been a notable increase in product launches featuring binders derived from novel feedstocks like agricultural waste, aiming to improve both performance and cost-effectiveness. Regulatory shifts in key regions, especially Europe and Asia, are increasingly favoring eco-friendly materials, further propelling market demand. The Bio-Based Battery Binder industry trends indicate a clear move towards circular economy principles, with significant R&D efforts focused on enhancing the recyclability of battery components and reducing overall environmental impact, signaling a promising outlook for sustainable battery technologies.
Key Market Developments
- October 2024: BASF SE announced a new partnership with a leading Asian battery manufacturer to co-develop advanced bio-based binders specifically designed for next-generation EV battery chemistries.
- August 2024: Arkema S.A. launched a new line of bio-based PVDF binders, offering improved adhesion and electrochemical stability for high-nickel cathode materials, targeting the electric vehicle market in Europe.
- June 2024: Borregaard ASA expanded its lignin-based binder production capacity in Norway to meet the growing global demand for sustainable battery components, particularly from the energy storage sector.
- April 2024: A consortium of Japanese research institutions and chemical companies secured significant funding for a project focused on developing cellulose-based binders with enhanced mechanical properties for solid-state batteries.
- January 2024: DuPont de Nemours, Inc. introduced a new series of bio-derived acrylic binders, emphasizing their low VOC content and suitability for high-volume battery manufacturing processes in North America.
Analyst Opinion
The Bio-Based Battery Binder market presents a highly attractive investment opportunity, driven by an undeniable global shift towards sustainable energy solutions and electric mobility. The competitive intensity, while currently moderately consolidated, is expected to heighten as more players enter and existing ones expand their bio-based portfolios. This will likely lead to increased innovation and potentially more competitive pricing in the mid-to-long term. The demand-supply balance is currently leaning towards demand, fueled by the rapid growth of the electric vehicle sector and grid-scale energy storage, often outstripping the readily available supply of high-performance, cost-effective bio-based binders. This imbalance creates a fertile ground for new entrants and for established players to scale up production and refine their offerings. The market's inherent alignment with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) goals further enhances its appeal, attracting significant capital and strategic partnerships. The Bio-Based Battery Binder market outlook remains exceptionally positive, buoyed by supportive regulatory frameworks and increasing consumer preference for eco-friendly products.
Looking at the long-term outlook, the Bio-Based Battery Binder market is poised for transformative growth, with continuous innovation serving as its primary engine. Research and development efforts are increasingly focused on improving the electrochemical performance, durability, and cost-efficiency of bio-based materials, aiming to match or even surpass the capabilities of conventional binders. Key areas of innovation include developing binders from novel, abundant biomass sources, enhancing their compatibility with advanced battery chemistries (e.g., silicon anodes, solid-state electrolytes), and improving their recyclability. However, the market faces key risk factors such as the volatility of raw material prices, potential bottlenecks in scalable bio-manufacturing processes, and the need for continuous performance validation against rapidly evolving battery technologies. For strategic players, this implies a need for agile R&D, robust supply chain management, and a strong focus on strategic alliances to share development costs and mitigate risks, ensuring sustained competitiveness and market leadership in this critical segment of the sustainable energy transition.