Update date: Jul 22, 2026 | 300 Pages | Report ID: BC-A-009704
Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Market
DMA IntelligenceAmmonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Industry Trends & Competitive Analysis 2033
Segments: Product Type (Liquid Ammonia, Ammonia Solution, Ammonia Gas), Application (Agriculture, Industrial, Energy Storage, Transportation, Others), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributors, Online Retail, Others), End-User (Commercial, Industrial, Residential, Others), By Region, And Segment Forecasts
$18.4B
Market Size, 2025
$19.9B
Market Estimate, 2026
$34.3B
Market Forecast, 2033
8.1%
CAGR, 2026–2033
Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Market Size, Share & Key Insights
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Market size was valued at USD 18.40 in 2025, and the market is projected to grow from USD 19.89 in 2026 to USD 34.31 by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 8.1%% during the forecast period 2026–2033. North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA led the global market in 2025.
Study Overview
 Study Period | 2021 - 2033 |
 Base Year | 2025 |
 Estimated Year | 2026 |
 Forecast Period | 2026-2033 |
 Historical Range | 2021-2025 |
| Units | USD Billion |
 Coverage | Global | North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa |
 Deliverables | PDF + Excel Data Pack |
Major Market Players
Key Takeaways: Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Market
- In 2025, the global Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market size was estimated to be USD 18.4 billion
- Projected to grow at a 8.1% CAGR, reaching a valuation of USD 34.41 Billion by 2033
- The Green Ammonia category accounted for the highest market share of 40% within the Product Type segment
- Blue Ammonia captured a substantial 35% of the total revenue in 2025
- Regionally, Asia Pacific emerged as the top market, generating USD 6.2 billion and securing a 33.7% share
- Primary market growth drivers include increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices, government incentives for green energy, and advancements in ammonia synthesis technologies
- Key industry player Yara International ASA strengthened its market position via strategic investments in green ammonia production facilities
Market Definiton and Strategic Context
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Market refers to the global industry engaged in the production, distribution, and application of ammonia, not only as a traditional fertilizer but also as a burgeoning energy carrier. This dual role leverages ammonia's high hydrogen content, ease of liquefaction, and established infrastructure for transport and storage, positioning it as a pivotal component in the transition to a sustainable energy landscape. The market encompasses various production methods, including green ammonia (produced from renewable hydrogen), blue ammonia (produced with carbon capture), and grey ammonia (produced from fossil fuels without carbon capture), catering to diverse applications ranging from agricultural fertilization to industrial feedstock, power generation, and marine fuel. The increasing global focus on decarbonization and the pursuit of net-zero emissions are significantly expanding ammonia's scope beyond its conventional uses, driving innovation in synthesis, cracking, and end-use technologies. This market is characterized by a complex interplay of technological advancements, environmental regulations, economic incentives, and geopolitical factors influencing energy security and agricultural productivity. The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market size, valued at USD 18.4 billion in 2025, is poised for substantial growth, reflecting an optimistic growth outlook and market forecast driven by industry expansion in both its traditional and novel applications.
| Report Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Market size value in 2025 | USD 18.40 Billion |
| Revenue forecast in 2033 | USD 34.31 Billion |
| Growth rate | CAGR of 8.1% from 2025 to 2033 |
| Actual data | 2021 - 2024 |
| Forecast period | 2025 - 2033 |
| Quantitative units | Revenue in USD Billion and CAGR from 2025 to 2033 |
| Report coverage | Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends |
| Segments covered | Product Type, Application, Distribution Channel, End-User |
| Regional scope | North America; Europe; APAC; Latin America; MEA |
| Country scope | All; All; All; All; All |
| Key companies profiled | Yara International ASA; CF Industries Holdings, Inc.; Nutrien Ltd.; OCI N.V.; Mitsubishi Corporation; Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.; BASF SE; SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation); Koch Fertilizer, LLC; EuroChem Group AG; Toyo Engineering Corporation; Linde plc; Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.; Ma’aden (Saudi Arabian Mining Company); Grupa Azoty S.A.; Tata Chemicals Limited; IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited); PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero); Qatar Fertiliser Company (QAFCO); Agrium Inc. |
| Customization scope | Free report customization (equivalent to 8 analysts working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope. |
| Pricing and purchase options | Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options |
Growth Catalysts & Market Constraints
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market is currently navigating a period of transformative growth, driven by a convergence of environmental imperatives and technological advancements. The global shift towards sustainable energy sources and decarbonization efforts is significantly expanding the market's scope beyond its traditional agricultural applications. This strategic repositioning is creating new avenues for market expansion, particularly in the energy sector where ammonia is recognized for its potential as a clean fuel and hydrogen carrier. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for stakeholders to capitalize on emerging opportunities and mitigate potential challenges, ensuring a robust growth forecast for the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market.
Growth Drivers
- The escalating global demand for sustainable agricultural practices, coupled with the need for enhanced food security, is significantly boosting the adoption of ammonia-based fertilizers. This driver is further amplified by increasing government subsidies and policy support for eco-friendly farming, compelling agricultural sectors worldwide to seek efficient and environmentally benign nutrient solutions that ammonia provides.
- The growing emphasis on decarbonization across various industries, particularly in shipping and heavy industry, is positioning ammonia as a leading contender for a clean energy carrier and fuel. Its ability to store and transport hydrogen efficiently, along with advancements in ammonia-to-power technologies, is driving substantial investments in production and infrastructure development, fostering new market segments.
Restraints
- The high capital expenditure required for establishing green and blue ammonia production facilities, coupled with the volatile prices of renewable energy inputs, poses a significant financial barrier. This economic constraint can deter new entrants and slow down the scaling of sustainable ammonia projects, impacting the overall market's transition towards cleaner production methods.
- Safety concerns associated with the handling and storage of ammonia, given its toxic and corrosive nature, present a considerable restraint. Stringent regulations and the need for specialized infrastructure and training increase operational costs and complexity, potentially limiting widespread adoption, especially in densely populated areas or for smaller-scale applications.
Opportunities
- The development of innovative ammonia cracking technologies that efficiently convert ammonia back into hydrogen offers a significant opportunity for expanding its role in the hydrogen economy. This technological advancement can unlock new markets for ammonia as a primary hydrogen carrier for fuel cells and industrial applications, making hydrogen distribution more economically viable globally.
- Strategic collaborations and partnerships between energy companies, agricultural firms, and technology providers present a robust opportunity for integrated value chain development. These alliances can accelerate the commercialization of new ammonia-based products and services, optimize logistics, and facilitate market penetration into emerging economies with growing energy and food demands.
Challenges
- The lack of harmonized international standards and regulations for ammonia as a marine fuel and power generation source creates uncertainty for investors and developers. This regulatory vacuum complicates infrastructure planning and technology adoption, potentially hindering the global scale-up required for ammonia to fulfill its role as a major energy carrier.
- The energy intensity of ammonia synthesis, even for green ammonia, presents an operational challenge in optimizing efficiency and minimizing the overall carbon footprint. Achieving cost-effective and truly sustainable production requires continuous innovation in catalyst technology and process integration, which can be a slow and resource-intensive endeavor.
Market Level Breakdown
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market is segmented by Product Type into Green Ammonia, Blue Ammonia, and Grey Ammonia. Green Ammonia, derived from renewable hydrogen, represents the fastest-growing segment, driven by global decarbonization goals and increasing investments in sustainable energy solutions. Blue Ammonia, produced from natural gas with carbon capture, serves as an important transitional fuel, offering a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional grey ammonia. Grey Ammonia, the most common form, still holds a significant share due to established production infrastructure but is expected to gradually decline as cleaner alternatives become more economically viable and widely adopted. This segmentation highlights the industry's evolving landscape towards more environmentally friendly production methods.
Segmentation by Application reveals the diverse end-uses of ammonia, spanning Agriculture, Industrial Feedstock, Fuel for Power Generation, Marine Fuel, and Hydrogen Carrier. Agriculture remains a foundational segment, utilizing ammonia as a vital fertilizer to boost crop yields and ensure food security. However, the energy carrier applications, particularly Fuel for Power Generation and Marine Fuel, are rapidly expanding as industries seek cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels. Ammonia's role as an Industrial Feedstock for various chemical processes also maintains a steady demand, while its potential as a Hydrogen Carrier for long-distance transport of clean energy is a significant growth area, reflecting the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market's strategic importance in the energy transition.
The market is further segmented by Distribution Channel, including Pipelines, Ships, Trucks, and Rail. Ships are crucial for intercontinental transport of ammonia, facilitating global trade and reaching distant markets. Pipelines are vital for efficient, large-volume distribution over land, connecting production sites to major industrial and agricultural consumption hubs. Trucks and rail provide flexible, last-mile delivery solutions, ensuring ammonia reaches diverse end-users, including farms and smaller industrial facilities. The efficiency and safety of these distribution channels are critical for the seamless operation and expansion of the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market.
Segmentation by End-User categorizes the market into Power Generation, Chemical Industry, Agriculture, Marine, and Automotive sectors. The Power Generation sector is increasingly exploring ammonia as a carbon-free fuel for gas turbines and co-firing in power plants. The Chemical Industry uses ammonia as a fundamental building block for a wide range of products, including plastics and pharmaceuticals. Agriculture remains a dominant end-user for fertilizer applications. The Marine sector is pioneering ammonia as a clean shipping fuel, while the Automotive sector is investigating its potential for fuel cells or direct combustion in specialized engines, contributing to the broader Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market growth and decarbonization goals.
Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Segmentation Breakdown
- Product Type
- Liquid Ammonia
- Ammonia Solution
- Ammonia Gas
- Application
- Agriculture
- Industrial
- Energy Storage
- Transportation
- Others
- Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Distributors
- Online Retail
- Others
- End-User
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Residential
- Others
Geographic Performance & Regional Trends
Asia Pacific emerged as the largest market for Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer in 2025, driven by its robust agricultural sector, rapid industrialization, and significant investments in green energy infrastructure, particularly in countries like China and India. The region also exhibits the fastest growth rate, propelled by ambitious decarbonization targets and the increasing adoption of ammonia as a marine fuel and hydrogen carrier. North America and Europe follow, with strong innovation ecosystems and supportive regulatory frameworks pushing the adoption of cleaner ammonia production methods and its diversified use in power generation and industrial feedstock. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are nascent but rapidly developing markets, fueled by agricultural expansion and strategic energy diversification initiatives.
Regional Growth Drivers
- North America: The region is witnessing significant growth due to increasing government support for sustainable agriculture and a strong push towards hydrogen economy development. Investments in green ammonia production facilities, particularly in the United States and Canada, are driven by tax credits and decarbonization mandates, accelerating its adoption as an energy carrier and clean fuel.
- Europe: Stringent environmental regulations and ambitious climate targets, such as the EU Green Deal, are propelling the demand for green and blue ammonia across Germany, the United Kingdom, and France. The focus is on integrating ammonia into existing energy infrastructure and developing it as a key component for renewable power storage and marine fuel.
- Asia Pacific: This region's growth is primarily fueled by its massive agricultural sector demanding fertilizers and rapidly expanding industrial and energy needs. Large-scale projects for green ammonia production in China, India, and Japan are being established to serve as hydrogen carriers and clean fuels for power generation and shipping, making it the fastest-growing market.
- Latin America: Modernization of agricultural practices and growing industrial demand are key drivers in this region. Countries like Brazil and Mexico are exploring ammonia as a means to enhance food production sustainably and to diversify their energy mix, leveraging their renewable energy potential for green ammonia synthesis.
- Middle East & Africa: Significant investments in renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, are positioning countries like Saudi Arabia and South Africa as potential global hubs for green ammonia production. The region aims to capitalize on its abundant resources to become a major exporter of clean ammonia, driving its nascent market growth and energy transition.
The regional forecast for the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market indicates a clear bifurcation: mature markets like North America and Europe will focus on technological innovation, regulatory harmonization, and infrastructure upgrades to integrate ammonia into their sophisticated energy systems. Emerging markets in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are expected to demonstrate higher growth rates, driven by industrial expansion, agricultural demands, and foundational investments in renewable energy-based ammonia production. This trajectory presents strategic implications for suppliers to tailor product offerings and market entry strategies to regional maturity levels and specific decarbonization goals.
Competitive Insights & Leading Companies
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer competitive landscape is characterized as moderately consolidated, with a few large multinational corporations dominating the traditional ammonia production sector, while a growing number of specialized players and startups are emerging in the green and blue ammonia segments. Global players like Yara International ASA, CF Industries Holdings, Inc., and Nutrien Ltd. leverage their extensive production capacities, established distribution networks, and deep market penetration in the agricultural sector. Regional players, on the other hand, often focus on localized supply chains, catering to specific market demands or pioneering niche applications. The key competitive levers in this market include technological innovation in low-carbon ammonia production, efficiency in energy consumption, robust supply chain management, and the ability to secure long-term off-take agreements for clean ammonia. Regulatory approvals and certifications for new applications, such as marine fuel or power generation, also play a critical role in gaining a competitive edge. The market structure reflects a dynamic environment where established players are adapting to new sustainability paradigms, and new entrants are challenging the status quo with innovative and greener solutions.
Companies in the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market are employing diverse strategies to strengthen their market positions. Mergers and acquisitions are common, allowing larger entities to integrate new technologies or expand into emerging regional markets. Partnerships and collaborations are also prevalent, particularly between ammonia producers, technology developers, and end-users, to co-develop new applications and build integrated value chains for clean ammonia. Product launches are increasingly focused on green and blue ammonia variants, along with advanced cracking technologies. Extensive research and development efforts are underway to improve synthesis efficiency, reduce production costs, and enhance the safety of ammonia handling. Differentiation is achieved through technological leadership, particularly in renewable hydrogen integration for green ammonia, and the development of proprietary solutions for specific end-user needs. Robust service models, such as comprehensive logistics and technical support, also contribute to competitive advantage. However, players face significant challenges, including margin pressure due to volatile feedstock prices, high compliance costs associated with environmental regulations, and the long lead times for infrastructure development, which necessitates careful strategic planning and risk management to ensure sustained growth in this evolving market.
Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Key Companies
- Yara International ASA
- CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
- Nutrien Ltd.
- OCI N.V.
- Mitsubishi Corporation
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
- BASF SE
- SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation)
- Koch Fertilizer, LLC
- EuroChem Group AG
- Toyo Engineering Corporation
- Linde plc
- Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
- Ma’aden (Saudi Arabian Mining Company)
- Grupa Azoty S.A.
- Tata Chemicals Limited
- IFFCO (Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited)
- PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero)
- Qatar Fertiliser Company (QAFCO)
- Agrium Inc.
Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer Market Ecosystem
Ecosystem Participants
- Raw Material Suppliers — provide essential inputs for ammonia production, including natural gas for grey and blue ammonia, and renewable energy (wind, solar) for green ammonia, alongside water for electrolysis. Their role is critical in determining the cost structure and carbon intensity of the final ammonia product, influencing the sustainability profile across the value chain.
- This involves procuring and delivering feedstocks reliably and cost-effectively, often requiring long-term contracts and robust supply chain logistics. Fluctuations in energy prices directly impact the economic viability of ammonia synthesis.
- Ammonia Producers — are at the core of the ecosystem, synthesizing ammonia using various methods. These companies invest heavily in large-scale plants, leveraging technologies like the Haber-Bosch process, increasingly integrating carbon capture for blue ammonia or renewable electricity for green ammonia. They are responsible for meeting market demand for both fertilizer and energy carrier applications.
- Producers manage complex chemical processes and significant energy inputs, often requiring extensive R&D to improve efficiency, reduce emissions, and adapt to evolving regulatory landscapes. Their output forms the basis for numerous downstream industries.
- Technology Providers & Licensors — develop and license advanced ammonia synthesis, cracking, and utilization technologies. This includes innovations in catalysts, electrolyzers, carbon capture units, and ammonia engines for marine or power applications. Their advancements are crucial for improving efficiency and reducing the environmental footprint of ammonia production and use.
- These players drive the technological evolution of the industry, offering solutions that enable producers to meet sustainability targets and end-users to adopt ammonia as a clean energy source. Their intellectual property and engineering expertise are highly valued.
- Infrastructure Developers & Operators — focus on building and managing the extensive infrastructure required for ammonia transport, storage, and distribution. This includes pipelines, port terminals, storage tanks, and specialized vessels for maritime transport. Their role ensures the safe and efficient movement of ammonia from production sites to end-users globally.
- These entities face significant capital investment and regulatory hurdles, ensuring compliance with strict safety and environmental standards. Their operations are fundamental to unlocking ammonia's potential as a global energy commodity.
- Distributors & Traders — act as intermediaries, connecting ammonia producers with diverse end-users. They manage logistics, inventory, and market fluctuations, ensuring timely delivery and supply chain stability. Their expertise in global trade and regional distribution networks is essential for market reach.
- Distributors often provide value-added services such as blending, packaging, and technical support, optimizing the product for specific agricultural or industrial requirements. They mitigate risks associated with supply-demand imbalances.
- End-Users — represent the diverse sectors consuming ammonia, including agriculture (fertilizers), chemical industry (feedstock), power generation (fuel), marine (shipping fuel), and hydrogen economy (carrier). Their evolving demands and sustainability goals directly shape market trends and drive innovation across the ecosystem.
- Each end-user segment has unique requirements, influencing product specifications, delivery mechanisms, and regulatory compliance. Their adoption of clean ammonia is pivotal for achieving global decarbonization targets.
- Regulatory Bodies & Policymakers — establish environmental standards, safety regulations, and provide incentives for sustainable ammonia production and use. Their policies significantly influence investment decisions, market development, and the overall trajectory of the industry towards cleaner energy solutions.
- These entities play a crucial role in shaping the market by fostering innovation through grants, subsidies, and carbon pricing mechanisms, while also ensuring public safety and environmental protection.
Report Coverage & Key Deliverables
The report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer, combining quantitative data with qualitative insights. It offers an in-depth exploration of market dynamics, competitive landscapes, and future growth opportunities, providing stakeholders with actionable intelligence to navigate this evolving industry. This extensive coverage ensures that decision-makers are equipped with a holistic understanding of market trends, technological advancements, and strategic imperatives. The report's structured approach enables businesses to identify lucrative segments, assess competitive strengths, and formulate robust market entry or expansion strategies. By presenting both historical performance and robust forecasts, it serves as an indispensable tool for strategic planning, investment analysis, and market positioning within the global Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer sector, empowering clients to make informed and impactful business decisions.
Report Coverage
- Market Size Estimates (historical and forecast)
- This section provides precise market valuation figures from 2021 to 2033, including historical data up to 2025 and comprehensive forecasts through 2033. Our methodology employs a rigorous combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches, triangulating data from primary and secondary sources to ensure accuracy and reliability in all market sizing estimates.
- Detailed Segmentation And Revenue Analysis
- The report offers an exhaustive breakdown of the market across various segments, including Product Type, Application, Distribution Channel, and End-User. Each segment is analyzed for its revenue contribution, growth trajectory, and market share, providing granular insights into the most lucrative sub-markets and emerging opportunities for monetization.
- Regional And Country-Level Insights
- A thorough examination of the market's performance across key regions—North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa—is included, along with detailed country-level analysis. This section highlights regional market maturity, growth drivers, and regulatory landscapes, contrasting established markets with high-growth emerging economies.
- Competitive Benchmarking Of Key Players
- This segment provides an analytical overview of the competitive landscape, profiling leading companies based on their market strategies, product portfolios, recent developments, and financial performance. It offers a clear understanding of competitive positioning, key differentiators, and strategic moves shaping the industry.
- Customization Options Based on Specific Requirements
- Clients can avail free 10% customization on the report, allowing for tailored insights into specific countries, additional company profiles, deeper segment analysis, or a focused examination of particular market trends. This flexibility ensures the report perfectly aligns with unique research objectives and business intelligence needs.
Recent Industry Insights
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer industry trends reflect a strong momentum towards decarbonization and sustainable energy solutions over the last 12-18 months. Significant investments have been channeled into green ammonia production, with major players forging strategic alliances to scale up capacity and develop new applications. Regulatory frameworks are slowly adapting to support ammonia's role as a marine fuel and hydrogen carrier, encouraging pilot projects and infrastructure development. Technological breakthroughs in ammonia cracking and synthesis efficiency are also accelerating, promising more cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions. These developments underscore a dynamic market that is rapidly evolving beyond its traditional agricultural roots, positioning ammonia as a crucial element in the global energy transition.
Key Market Developments
- January 2026: Yara International ASA announced a partnership with BASF SE to explore large-scale green ammonia production in Europe, focusing on renewable energy integration.
- November 2025: CF Industries Holdings, Inc. initiated a feasibility study for a new blue ammonia production facility in the United States, aiming to leverage carbon capture technology for reduced emissions.
- September 2025: Mitsubishi Corporation invested in a pilot project for ammonia-powered shipping vessels, highlighting the growing interest in ammonia as a clean marine fuel in Japan.
- July 2025: OCI N.V. secured a significant off-take agreement for green ammonia to be used as an industrial feedstock in Germany, signaling increased corporate demand for sustainable chemicals.
- April 2025: Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. unveiled plans for a new green hydrogen and ammonia production complex in Saudi Arabia, positioning the region as a future clean energy export hub.
Analyst Opinion
The Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market outlook is exceptionally promising, driven by its pivotal role in both global food security and the burgeoning clean energy transition. Analysts view the market's attractiveness as high, particularly in the green and blue ammonia segments, which are receiving significant investment and policy support. The competitive intensity is moderately consolidated in traditional segments, but fragmented and highly innovative in the emerging energy carrier applications, where numerous startups and technology providers are vying for market share. The demand-supply balance is shifting, with increasing demand for low-carbon ammonia outstripping current supply capabilities, creating opportunities for new production capacities. This imbalance is expected to persist in the short to medium term, favoring producers who can scale up sustainable production efficiently. Strategic collaborations and technological advancements will be key differentiators for companies aiming to capitalize on this expanding market.
Looking ahead, the long-term outlook for the Ammonia Energy Carrier Fertilizer market remains robust, underpinned by an accelerating global commitment to decarbonization and the versatility of ammonia as a multi-purpose chemical. The innovation landscape is vibrant, with continuous advancements in electrolysis, carbon capture, and ammonia utilization technologies, including direct ammonia combustion and fuel cells. Key risk factors include the volatile pricing of renewable energy inputs, the high upfront capital costs for new infrastructure, and the ongoing need for regulatory clarity and harmonization, particularly for international shipping and trade. Geopolitical stability and supply chain resilience will also play crucial roles. Companies that proactively address these challenges through strategic partnerships, R&D investment, and robust risk management frameworks are best positioned to thrive and lead the market into a sustainable and energy-efficient future, capitalizing on the increasing global demand for clean energy solutions.